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06139wes.txt
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1998-06-22
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SECTION 06139
TIMBER CONSTRUCTION
NOTE ** Western Red Cedar Lumber Association, timber
construction and landscape structures.
NOTE **
NOTE ** This section is based on Publication 97-508 Revised
July 1997, Specifying Western Red Cedar for Timber
Construction and Landscape Structures, published by
the Western Red Cedar Lumber Association (WRCLA),
whose head office is at the following address:
NOTE ** 1100/555 Burrard Street
NOTE ** Vancouver, British Columbia V7X 1S7
NOTE ** Tel: (604) 684-0266
NOTE ** Fax: (604) 682-8641
NOTE ** e-mail: WRCLA@cofiho.cofi.org
NOTE ** Website: www.wrcla.org
NOTE ** Western Red Cedar offers the advantages of natural
beauty, design flexibility, exceptional dimensional
stability, and long term durability. It is also a
recognized structural material with known
mechanical and physical properties. These
attributes allow the design of timber structures of
all types using basic engineering principles and
stress- or appearance-rated grades of cedar.
NOTE **
NOTE ** See other WRCLA sections for cedar decking, wood
trim, and cedar siding.
NOTE **
NOTE ** SECTION 06139 - TIMBER CONSTRUCTION, Copyright
1998, The Architect's Catalog, Inc.
PART 1 GENERAL
1.1 SECTION INCLUDES
NOTE ** Select paragraphs and subparagraphs below
applicable to project; add others as required.
A. Engineered Structures, including:
1. Commercial buildings.
2. Industrial buildings.
3. Residential buildings.
4. ________________________________________.
B. Landscape structures, including:
1. Bridges.
2. Arbors.
3. Pergolas.
4. Gazebos.
5. Field houses.
6. ________________________________________.
C. ________________________________________.
1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
NOTE ** Delete sections below not relevant to this project;
add others as required.
A. Section 06100 - Rough Carpentry.
B. Section 06151 - Cedar Decking.
C. Section 06221 - Wood Trim.
D. Section _____ - _________________________.
1.3 REFERENCES
NOTE ** Delete references from the list below that are not
actually required by the text of the edited
section; add others as required.
A. NLGA/WCLIB - National Lumber Grading Association/West
Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau "Grading Standards."
B. __________________________________________.
1.4 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
A. Inspect the materials upon delivery to assure that
specified products have been received.
B. Store materials in safe area, away from construction
traffic; store under cover and off ground, protected from
moisture.
C. Keep materials clearly separated and identified with
grade marks legible. Keep damaged material identified as
damaged and stored separately.
PART 2 PRODUCTS
2.1 MANUFACTURERS
A. Acceptable Manufacturer: Member of the Western Red Cedar
Lumber Association (WRCLA). ASD.
B. Requests for substitutions will be considered in
accordance with provisions of Section 01600.
NOTE ** Delete paragraph above or below; coordinate with
Division 1 requirements.
C. Substitutions: Not permitted.
D. Provide all western red cedar from a single supplier.
2.2 MATERIALS
A. Western Red Cedar: WRCLA Western Red Cedar.
NOTE ** Select grade(s), classification(s), surface
texture(s), and moisture content of Western Red
Cedar from paragraphs below as required for
project. Delete references not required for
project.
NOTE **
NOTE ** Clear grades have a limited number of natural
characteristics and are specified when appearance
of the highest quality is required. Clear grades
are normally supplied green (unseasoned); when
required, seasoning is achieved by air-drying. No.
2 and Better Clear grade should be specified when
the finest quality rough lumber is required.
1. Grade: No. 2 and Better Clear.
NOTE ** C and Better Clear is suitable for high-quality
landscape structures and as exposed posts and beams
in heavy timber construction. WRCLA members
produce this grade without cutouts. Available
surfaced or rough textured.
2. Grade: C and Better Clear.
NOTE ** D and Better Clear permits larger and more numerous
natural characteristics. Some pieces may require
trimming to yield clear lengths for the intended
use. This grade is widely accepted in the
construction of outdoor structures. Available
surfaced or rough textured.
3. Grade: D and Better Clear.
NOTE ** Knotty grades present a more rustic appearance,
typically supplied green (unseasoned). When
required, seasoning is achieved by air-drying.
NOTE **
NOTE ** As a non-structural product, Appearance Knotty
grade meets the appearance requirements of quality
projects, having highly restricted wane allowances
to give well-defined corners. It contains no holes
or other characteristics and is available rough
sawn or rougher headed in nominal 2 inch and
thicker sizes.
4. Grade: Appearance Knotty.
NOTE ** Upon request, Appearance Knotty timbers are
available with structural grading. Appearance
Knotty, structural, should be specified when
strength characteristics are required.
5. Grade: Appearance Knotty, structural.
NOTE ** No. 2 and Better Structural lumber is evaluated for
structural strength characteristics, intended for
engineered applications where strength is more
important than appearance. This grade includes
pieces meeting the grades of Select Structural, No.
1 Structural, and No. 2 Structural. Available
surfaced or rough textured.
6. Grade: No. 2 and Better Structural.
NOTE ** Standard Beams, Posts, and Timbers are intended for
general construction purposes where serviceability
is more important than appearance. No structural
values are assigned. Available surfaced or rough
textured.
7. Grade: Standard Beams, Posts, and Timbers.
NOTE ** Depending upon size, Western Red Cedar is
classified as Light Framing, Structural Joists and
Planks, Beams and Stringers, or Posts and Timbers.
NOTE **
NOTE ** Light Framing is lumber 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100
mm) thick and 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100 mm) wide,
either rough sawn or surfaced four sides (S4S).
8. Classification: Light Framing.
NOTE ** Structural Joists and Planks are rectangular
members 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100 mm) thick, 5
inches (125 mm) and wider, either rough sawn or
surfaced four sides (S4S).
9. Classification: Structural Joists and Planks.
NOTE ** Beams and Stringers are rectangular members, either
rough sawn or surfaced, 5 inches (125 mm) and
thicker with width 2 inches (50 mm) greater than
thickness.
10. Classification: Beams and Stringers.
NOTE ** Posts and Timbers are square members, either rough
sawn or surfaced, 5 inches by 5 inches (125 x 125
mm) and larger with width not more than 2 inches
(50 mm) greater than thickness.
11. Classification: Posts and Timbers.
NOTE ** Saw Textured surface, obtained during the milling
process using either circular or band saws, is
present on all four sides.
12. Surface Texture: Saw Textured.
NOTE ** With Rougher Headed texture, the lumber receives
its texture from a milling process which uses
roughened planer knives. The rough texture is
clearly visible on all four sides.
13. Surface Texture: Rougher Headed.
NOTE ** S4S Texture provides a uniformly sized product and
a smooth surface on all four sides for a high
quality appearance. Sizes from 2 x 4 up to 6 x 6
are generally available; larger sizes are produced
on special orders.
14. Surface Texture: Surfaced Four Sides (S4S).
NOTE ** Select moisture content from the three
subparagraphs below. Delete those not required.
15. Moisture Content: Green (unseasoned).
16. Moisture Content: Air-dried.
17. Moisture Content: Kiln-dried, 2 inch (50 mm)
thickness only.
B. Fasteners:
NOTE ** Hot-dipped galvanized, aluminum, and stainless
steel fasteners can be used to fasten Western Red
Cedar. Other types of nails are not recommended as
they can rust, disintegrate, and react adversely
with the natural preservative oils present in
cedar, resulting in stains and streaks. Copper
nails also react with cedar and should not be used.
NOTE **
NOTE ** Stainless steel nails are the best choice,
especially if the wood is to be finished with
transparent or semi-transparent stain. Use No. 304
stainless steel for general applications, No. 316
for seacoast exposures.
NOTE **
NOTE ** Select nail type from subparagraphs below or add
other type fasteners. Delete those not required
for project.
1. Nails: Hot-dipped galvanized.
2. Nails: Aluminum.
3. Nails: No. 304 stainless steel.
4. Nails: No. 316 stainless steel.
5. _______________________________.
NOTE ** Large members require timber connectors other than
nails. Bolts, lag screws, split rings and shear
plates, and custom made hardware are commonly used
in heavy timber structures where the joint strength
must be greater than could be achieved with nails.
These types of connectors should be corrosion-
resistant or suitably coated to prevent corrosion
and staining.
NOTE **
NOTE ** Generally, the design of mechanically fastened
joints must consider a variety of factors such as
end- and edge-spacing distances, moisture content,
service conditions, and the effect of the number of
connectors used. Because the cost of fabricating
and installing connectors may amount to a large
percentage of the cost of a heavy timber structure,
it is important to engineer the details of a
structure before designing the timber members.
C. Timber Connectors: _______________________________.
PART 3 EXECUTION
3.1 PREPARATION
A. Coordinate work with related trades; scribe and cope
timbers for accurate fit. Allow installation of related
work to avoid cutting and patching.
B. Select timbers of longest possible lengths. Ensure that
knots and obvious defects will not interfere with placing
fasteners or making proper connections. Cut out and
discard defects that render a piece unfit to serve its
intended function.
C. Discard timbers that are warped, twisted, bowed, crooked,
or otherwise defective.
3.2 INSTALLATION
A. Install timbers square, plumb, and level, closely fitted
and securely fastened.
B. Nail pieces to provide penetration of not less than half
nail length into piece receiving nails. However, 16d
nails may be used to connect two pieces of nominal 2-inch
(50 mm) timbers. Nail without splitting timbers.
3.3 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL
A. Timber construction may be rejected, whether or not
installed, for excessive warp, twist, bow, or crook, as
well as for improper cutting or fitting.
3.4 ADJUSTING AND CLEANING
A. As work proceeds, maintain premises free of unnecessary
accumulation of tools, equipment, surplus materials, and
debris related to this work.
END OF SECTION