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- SECTION 06139
-
- TIMBER CONSTRUCTION
- NOTE ** Western Red Cedar Lumber Association, timber
- construction and landscape structures.
- NOTE **
- NOTE ** This section is based on Publication 97-508 Revised
- July 1997, Specifying Western Red Cedar for Timber
- Construction and Landscape Structures, published by
- the Western Red Cedar Lumber Association (WRCLA),
- whose head office is at the following address:
- NOTE ** 1100/555 Burrard Street
- NOTE ** Vancouver, British Columbia V7X 1S7
- NOTE ** Tel: (604) 684-0266
- NOTE ** Fax: (604) 682-8641
- NOTE ** e-mail: WRCLA@cofiho.cofi.org
- NOTE ** Website: www.wrcla.org
-
- NOTE ** Western Red Cedar offers the advantages of natural
- beauty, design flexibility, exceptional dimensional
- stability, and long term durability. It is also a
- recognized structural material with known
- mechanical and physical properties. These
- attributes allow the design of timber structures of
- all types using basic engineering principles and
- stress- or appearance-rated grades of cedar.
- NOTE **
- NOTE ** See other WRCLA sections for cedar decking, wood
- trim, and cedar siding.
- NOTE **
- NOTE ** SECTION 06139 - TIMBER CONSTRUCTION, Copyright
- 1998, The Architect's Catalog, Inc.
-
- PART 1 GENERAL
-
- 1.1 SECTION INCLUDES
- NOTE ** Select paragraphs and subparagraphs below
- applicable to project; add others as required.
-
- A. Engineered Structures, including:
- 1. Commercial buildings.
- 2. Industrial buildings.
- 3. Residential buildings.
- 4. ________________________________________.
-
- B. Landscape structures, including:
- 1. Bridges.
- 2. Arbors.
- 3. Pergolas.
- 4. Gazebos.
- 5. Field houses.
- 6. ________________________________________.
-
- C. ________________________________________.
-
- 1.2 RELATED SECTIONS
- NOTE ** Delete sections below not relevant to this project;
- add others as required.
-
- A. Section 06100 - Rough Carpentry.
-
- B. Section 06151 - Cedar Decking.
-
- C. Section 06221 - Wood Trim.
-
- D. Section _____ - _________________________.
-
- 1.3 REFERENCES
- NOTE ** Delete references from the list below that are not
- actually required by the text of the edited
- section; add others as required.
-
- A. NLGA/WCLIB - National Lumber Grading Association/West
- Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau "Grading Standards."
-
- B. __________________________________________.
-
- 1.4 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
-
- A. Inspect the materials upon delivery to assure that
- specified products have been received.
-
- B. Store materials in safe area, away from construction
- traffic; store under cover and off ground, protected from
- moisture.
-
- C. Keep materials clearly separated and identified with
- grade marks legible. Keep damaged material identified as
- damaged and stored separately.
-
-
- PART 2 PRODUCTS
-
- 2.1 MANUFACTURERS
-
- A. Acceptable Manufacturer: Member of the Western Red Cedar
- Lumber Association (WRCLA). ASD.
-
- B. Requests for substitutions will be considered in
- accordance with provisions of Section 01600.
- NOTE ** Delete paragraph above or below; coordinate with
- Division 1 requirements.
-
- C. Substitutions: Not permitted.
-
- D. Provide all western red cedar from a single supplier.
-
- 2.2 MATERIALS
-
- A. Western Red Cedar: WRCLA Western Red Cedar.
- NOTE ** Select grade(s), classification(s), surface
- texture(s), and moisture content of Western Red
- Cedar from paragraphs below as required for
- project. Delete references not required for
- project.
- NOTE **
- NOTE ** Clear grades have a limited number of natural
- characteristics and are specified when appearance
- of the highest quality is required. Clear grades
- are normally supplied green (unseasoned); when
- required, seasoning is achieved by air-drying. No.
- 2 and Better Clear grade should be specified when
- the finest quality rough lumber is required.
- 1. Grade: No. 2 and Better Clear.
- NOTE ** C and Better Clear is suitable for high-quality
- landscape structures and as exposed posts and beams
- in heavy timber construction. WRCLA members
- produce this grade without cutouts. Available
- surfaced or rough textured.
- 2. Grade: C and Better Clear.
- NOTE ** D and Better Clear permits larger and more numerous
- natural characteristics. Some pieces may require
- trimming to yield clear lengths for the intended
- use. This grade is widely accepted in the
- construction of outdoor structures. Available
- surfaced or rough textured.
- 3. Grade: D and Better Clear.
- NOTE ** Knotty grades present a more rustic appearance,
- typically supplied green (unseasoned). When
- required, seasoning is achieved by air-drying.
- NOTE **
- NOTE ** As a non-structural product, Appearance Knotty
- grade meets the appearance requirements of quality
- projects, having highly restricted wane allowances
- to give well-defined corners. It contains no holes
- or other characteristics and is available rough
- sawn or rougher headed in nominal 2 inch and
- thicker sizes.
- 4. Grade: Appearance Knotty.
- NOTE ** Upon request, Appearance Knotty timbers are
- available with structural grading. Appearance
- Knotty, structural, should be specified when
- strength characteristics are required.
- 5. Grade: Appearance Knotty, structural.
- NOTE ** No. 2 and Better Structural lumber is evaluated for
- structural strength characteristics, intended for
- engineered applications where strength is more
- important than appearance. This grade includes
- pieces meeting the grades of Select Structural, No.
- 1 Structural, and No. 2 Structural. Available
- surfaced or rough textured.
- 6. Grade: No. 2 and Better Structural.
- NOTE ** Standard Beams, Posts, and Timbers are intended for
- general construction purposes where serviceability
- is more important than appearance. No structural
- values are assigned. Available surfaced or rough
- textured.
- 7. Grade: Standard Beams, Posts, and Timbers.
- NOTE ** Depending upon size, Western Red Cedar is
- classified as Light Framing, Structural Joists and
- Planks, Beams and Stringers, or Posts and Timbers.
- NOTE **
- NOTE ** Light Framing is lumber 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100
- mm) thick and 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100 mm) wide,
- either rough sawn or surfaced four sides (S4S).
- 8. Classification: Light Framing.
- NOTE ** Structural Joists and Planks are rectangular
- members 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100 mm) thick, 5
- inches (125 mm) and wider, either rough sawn or
- surfaced four sides (S4S).
- 9. Classification: Structural Joists and Planks.
- NOTE ** Beams and Stringers are rectangular members, either
- rough sawn or surfaced, 5 inches (125 mm) and
- thicker with width 2 inches (50 mm) greater than
- thickness.
- 10. Classification: Beams and Stringers.
- NOTE ** Posts and Timbers are square members, either rough
- sawn or surfaced, 5 inches by 5 inches (125 x 125
- mm) and larger with width not more than 2 inches
- (50 mm) greater than thickness.
- 11. Classification: Posts and Timbers.
- NOTE ** Saw Textured surface, obtained during the milling
- process using either circular or band saws, is
- present on all four sides.
- 12. Surface Texture: Saw Textured.
- NOTE ** With Rougher Headed texture, the lumber receives
- its texture from a milling process which uses
- roughened planer knives. The rough texture is
- clearly visible on all four sides.
- 13. Surface Texture: Rougher Headed.
- NOTE ** S4S Texture provides a uniformly sized product and
- a smooth surface on all four sides for a high
- quality appearance. Sizes from 2 x 4 up to 6 x 6
- are generally available; larger sizes are produced
- on special orders.
- 14. Surface Texture: Surfaced Four Sides (S4S).
- NOTE ** Select moisture content from the three
- subparagraphs below. Delete those not required.
- 15. Moisture Content: Green (unseasoned).
- 16. Moisture Content: Air-dried.
- 17. Moisture Content: Kiln-dried, 2 inch (50 mm)
- thickness only.
-
- B. Fasteners:
- NOTE ** Hot-dipped galvanized, aluminum, and stainless
- steel fasteners can be used to fasten Western Red
- Cedar. Other types of nails are not recommended as
- they can rust, disintegrate, and react adversely
- with the natural preservative oils present in
- cedar, resulting in stains and streaks. Copper
- nails also react with cedar and should not be used.
- NOTE **
- NOTE ** Stainless steel nails are the best choice,
- especially if the wood is to be finished with
- transparent or semi-transparent stain. Use No. 304
- stainless steel for general applications, No. 316
- for seacoast exposures.
- NOTE **
- NOTE ** Select nail type from subparagraphs below or add
- other type fasteners. Delete those not required
- for project.
- 1. Nails: Hot-dipped galvanized.
- 2. Nails: Aluminum.
- 3. Nails: No. 304 stainless steel.
- 4. Nails: No. 316 stainless steel.
- 5. _______________________________.
- NOTE ** Large members require timber connectors other than
- nails. Bolts, lag screws, split rings and shear
- plates, and custom made hardware are commonly used
- in heavy timber structures where the joint strength
- must be greater than could be achieved with nails.
- These types of connectors should be corrosion-
- resistant or suitably coated to prevent corrosion
- and staining.
- NOTE **
- NOTE ** Generally, the design of mechanically fastened
- joints must consider a variety of factors such as
- end- and edge-spacing distances, moisture content,
- service conditions, and the effect of the number of
- connectors used. Because the cost of fabricating
- and installing connectors may amount to a large
- percentage of the cost of a heavy timber structure,
- it is important to engineer the details of a
- structure before designing the timber members.
-
- C. Timber Connectors: _______________________________.
-
-
- PART 3 EXECUTION
-
- 3.1 PREPARATION
-
- A. Coordinate work with related trades; scribe and cope
- timbers for accurate fit. Allow installation of related
- work to avoid cutting and patching.
-
- B. Select timbers of longest possible lengths. Ensure that
- knots and obvious defects will not interfere with placing
- fasteners or making proper connections. Cut out and
- discard defects that render a piece unfit to serve its
- intended function.
-
- C. Discard timbers that are warped, twisted, bowed, crooked,
- or otherwise defective.
-
- 3.2 INSTALLATION
-
- A. Install timbers square, plumb, and level, closely fitted
- and securely fastened.
-
- B. Nail pieces to provide penetration of not less than half
- nail length into piece receiving nails. However, 16d
- nails may be used to connect two pieces of nominal 2-inch
- (50 mm) timbers. Nail without splitting timbers.
-
- 3.3 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL
-
- A. Timber construction may be rejected, whether or not
- installed, for excessive warp, twist, bow, or crook, as
- well as for improper cutting or fitting.
-
- 3.4 ADJUSTING AND CLEANING
-
- A. As work proceeds, maintain premises free of unnecessary
- accumulation of tools, equipment, surplus materials, and
- debris related to this work.
-
-
- END OF SECTION
-